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- <text id=93CT1894>
- <title>
- Tunisia--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Tunisia
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Tunisians are descended mainly from indigenous Berber tribes
- and from Arab tribes which migrated to North Africa during the
- seventh century AD. Recorded history in Tunisia begins with the
- arrival of Phoenicians, who founded Carthage and other North
- African settlements. Carthage was defeated by Romans (146 AD),
- who ruled North Africa until their defeat by tribesmen (fifth
- century) from Europe. In the seventh century, the Muslim
- conquest transformed North Africa, and Tunisia became a center
- of Arab culture until its assimilation in the Turkish Ottoman
- Empire in the 16th century.
- </p>
- <p> In 1881, France established a protectorate there, only to
- see a rise of nationalism lead to Tunisia's independence in
- 1956. A leader of this movement was Habib Bourguiba, Tunisia's
- president from independence in 1956 until his removal by the
- current president, Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, in 1987.
- </p>
- <p> During the early years of independence, a series of tensions
- existed between France and Tunisia, which were finally resolved
- after France withdrew from its naval base in Bizerte in 1962.
- In 1964, Tunisia nationalized foreign interests, and relations
- with France deteriorated again. Close cooperation was
- reestablished in 1968. Since then, France has extended important
- economic credits and established many technical assistance
- programs in Tunisia.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The Tunisian republic was established in 1957 with Bourguiba
- as president. Elections followed promulgation of Tunisia's
- constitution in June 1959. President Bourguiba was unopposed,
- and legislative candidates, backed by the Neo-Destour Party and
- affiliated labor and professional groups, met only token
- opposition. In October 1964, the Neo-Destour Party was renamed
- the Destourian Socialist Party (PSD). In 1974, Bourguiba was
- named president-for-life through a constitutional amendment.
- Legislative elections in 1981 marked the return of legal
- opposition parties, but the PSD swept all seats. The ruling
- party demonstrated its entrenched position by again sweeping
- legislative elections in 1986 and 1989 and was renamed the
- Constitutional Democratic Party (RCD) by Ben Ali in 1988. Over
- time, party and state functions have fused. The RCD has no
- rigid ideology. Its members are expected to reflect public
- opinion. Internal party debate can be lively, but initiative for
- policy changes comes from the top.
- </p>
- <p> On assuming power in 1987, President Ben Ali moved to defuse
- tensions which had built up during the last years of
- Bourguiba's reign. Ben Ali began to address some human rights
- issues by releasing political prisoners and abolishing special
- state security courts. He also started a process of
- democratization.
- </p>
- <p> According to the constitution as amended in 1988, the
- president of the republic is chief of state. He is elected for
- a 5-year term and permitted to run for two additional terms.
- The president has full responsibility for determining national
- policy, and presidential bills have priority before the Chamber
- of Deputies. The president may govern by decree when the
- Chamber is not in session.
- </p>
- <p> In the presidentially appointed cabinet, the prime minister
- is responsible for executive policy and succeeds the president
- in the case of death or disability. Tunisia's 141-member
- unicameral Chamber of Deputies is elected concurrently with the
- president and meets twice a year.
- </p>
- <p> The constitution does not prohibit opposition parties, but
- the government has approved only six other political parties.
- These parties and all other major political forces--including
- Islamic fundamentalists--signed Ben Ali's 1988 National Pact,
- which set out secular, pluralist political rules.
- </p>
- <p> Among other liberalizing gestures, Ben Ali advanced
- presidential and legislative elections from 1991 to 1989. He
- won the presidential election unopposed, and the ruling party
- swept all seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Candidates of the
- unrecognized Islamic fundamentalist Hizb An-Nahda (Renaissance
- Party) garnered an average of 18% of the vote in districts they
- contested as independents. Despite Hizb An-Nahda's apparent
- popularity, the government continued to deny it legal status in
- 1990, partly owing to grave doubts that An-Nahda truly accepts
- a pluralist, secular political system.
- </p>
- <p> Although national elections are governed by a
- winner-take-all electoral code, the government introduced
- modified proportional representation for 1990 municipal
- elections. Opposition parties boycotted these elections to
- protest what they saw as overbearing RCD control of the process.
- Opposition parties also claim that the cumbersome voter
- registration system has disenfranchised a large portion of the
- electorate.
- </p>
- <p> Trade unions played a key role in Tunisia's struggle for
- independence. Indeed, the assassination of Tunisian labor
- leader Ferhat Hached in 1952 was catalyst for the final push
- against the French. The General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT)
- had a decisive political presence during the first two decades
- of the republic. In 1978, and again in 1984-85, Bourguiba
- cracked down on the UGTT. Arrests of the UGTT leaders and
- ruling-party takeover of union locals left the UGTT moribund
- until Ben Ali's accession to power. Ben Ali encouraged a revival
- of the UGTT. Despite a drop in union membership from 400,000 to
- perhaps 250,000 as the structure of the economy changed, the
- UGTT resumed a prominent place in political and social affairs
- after its extraordinary congress in 1989.
- </p>
- <p> Tunisia is a leader in the Arab world in the promotion of
- equal status for women under the law. Polygamy was prohibited
- in 1957. Tunisian women enjoy full civil and political rights.
- The government supports an active family-planning program.
- </p>
- <p> Tunisia's judiciary is headed by the Court of Cassation,
- whose judges are appointed by the president.
- </p>
- <p> The country is divided administratively into 23
- governorates. The president appoints all governors.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- February 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-